Mama Might Be Better Off Dead Essay

â€Å"Mama Might Be Better off Dead: the Failure of Health Care in Urban America† by Laurie Kaye Abraham, follows a families battles through the span of three years in a helpless Chicago neighborhood. Abraham calls attention to explicitly how the social insurance framework in the United States has bombed the various individuals from the destitution stricken Banes family. The principle character, Jackie has the duty of dealing with her wiped out and old grandma. Jackie likewise thinks about her three small kids with little assistance from her significant other, Robert who additionally experiences different ailments. While, there are some administration programs set up to assist families with loving the Banes’, the human services framework is absolutely inadequate. Cora Jackson is an African American lady in her late sixties when the book starts. She experiences numerous constant conditions including hypertension and diabetes. Cora had a leg excised due to entanglements from her diabetes. Diabetics regularly have helpless course in their furthest points which upsets wounds from recuperating appropriately. Other than being confined to bed and wheel seat bound, Mrs. Jackson experiences bed bruises and incontinence. She likewise victims from extreme sadness over losing her leg which is basic among numerous with physical handicaps. Regardless of, her unforeseen weakness Cora Jackson remains the female authority of the family. Mrs. Jackson raised Jackie as a little youngster and before getting poorly, had an exceptional relationship with her extraordinary granddaughter Latrice. Over the long haul, Mrs. Jackson turns out to be all the more sick and Latrice starts to pull away from her extraordinary grandma. This appears to be reasonable on the grounds that it must be extremely hard for kids to comprehend and manage the in critical condition. Jackie be that as it may, stays warm and minding toward her grandma. She communicates her dissatisfactions, yet not many of them are focused on her grandma. A large portion of them are focused on the specialists and specific government offices set up to treat and help her grandma. Getting human services administrations isn't a simple undertaking for Cora Jackson. Jackie, the essential parental figure for Mrs. Jackson, encounters battles on an everyday premise. For instance, Mrs. Jackson experiences incontinence which makes her a possibility for grown-up diapers. Be that as it may, Medicare considers grown-up to be as to a greater extent a comfort thing and don't consider them to be therapeutically necessary. Medicare additionally covers an enormous segment of wellbeing visits and medicines yet they neglect to comprehend the transportation needs of distraught patients. Accordingly, Mrs. Jackson is compelled to miss many booked arrangements. She passes up numerous medicines that are suggested by her primary care physicians. Thus, Cora is compelled to make them remain leg expelled in view of a contamination which could have been gotten sooner. Jackie resorts to calling a rescue vehicle to ship her grandma to the clinic. This outcomes in certain issues in light of the fact that the emergency vehicle takes her to the nearest clinic which is doesn't have every last bit of her clinical records. I am confused by numerous individuals of these guidelines and approaches. Most importantly, I don't see how grown-up diapers are not considered restoratively fundamental. Diapers are appeared to be essential for babies. Why aren’t they essential for grown-ups who experience the ill effects of incontinence? Additionally, grown-up diapers help forestall bed injuries which some old, out of commission patients experience the ill effects of. This can forestall future hospitalizations and methodology brought about by contamination. I likewise have an issue with Medicaid’s spend down approach. Consistently, Mrs. Jackson is required to spend a specific sum on clinical necessities so as to get qualified for Medicaid. When, she meets the necessity, she needs to do it once more. Additionally, there are a few administrations that the Banes don't know they are qualified for. For instance, Medicare covers home wellbeing assistants for those debilitated enough to require visits from a home attendant. Jackie turns down this administration since she is mixed up and trusts it will cost her 110 dollars per month. Nobody ever discloses to her this administration is free. There are numerous adjustments in the medicinal services conveyance framework that would have improved the encounters of Mrs. Jackson. As a matter of first importance, monitoring a month to month spend down of an old, handicapped patient is ludicrous. In Mrs. Jackson’s case, she required Medicaid to cover her transportation needs. Its near difficult to plan arrangements and techniques on the off chance that you don't know how you will arrive. Different patients use Medicaid for various reasons. A superior choice for Medicaid is take a normal of a couple of months costs and utilize that to decide qualification for longer than a month at once. It is basic for patients to spend a similar sum taking drugs every month. They additionally attempt to visit specialists all the time. Realizing they are secured by Medicaid for longer than a month, would be a gigantic help. The patients could keep their arrangements without stressing over transportation costs. Likewise, medication could be taken as coordinated as opposed to attempting to make it last longer in dread of losing inclusion the following month. Another zone which needs tending to is in the zone of therapeutically vital things. Who decides whether grown-up diapers is essential or an accommodation? For an older individual who wouldn't like to stroll to the wash room subsequent to heading off to the washroom, I can perceive how diapers would be advantageous. Be that as it may, shouldn't something be said about the individual without any legs and not satisfactory enough assistance to lift them up? I would state grown-up diapers is medicinally fundamental for this individual. As a social specialist in human services, I would attempt to be of help to Mrs. Jackson. As a matter of first importance, I would urge Jackie to exploit the administrations set up to support her and her family. At that point I would ensure she knew about all they were qualified for. It is exceptionally basic for needy individuals not to comprehend government approaches, especially Medicare and Medicaid. I feel there ought to be more administrations to clarify and assist individuals with understanding certain arrangements. Standard visits from a home wellbeing helper could have helped both Jackie and Mrs. Jackson hugely. I would converse with her about the pressure of dealing with three youngsters, a wiped out spouse and an old, impaired grandma. Focusing on Jackie’s needs, as she is the essential guardian, may give her an all the more clear psyche to settle on choices for her grandma. I would likewise examine with Jackie every last bit of her choices. Jackie could have placed her grandma into a nursing home however fail to do as such until the finish of her sickness. I would weigh out the preferences and burdens of Mrs. Jackson living in a home. Jackie was terrified that by placing her grandma into a home, she would feel disliked and dismissed. I would disclose to Jackie, that the consideration she would get would be twenty-four hours every day. This would mean, not any more missed regular checkups, not any more missed drug and every last bit of her clinical records would be in one spot. I feel their future an expansion in her personal satisfaction. Jackie states â€Å"Mama, may be in an ideal situation Dead†. Why not put mom in a nursing home first? All in all, â€Å"Mama Might Be Better off Dead: the Failure of Health Care in Urban America† truly shows numerous territories of human anguish. In a nation dependent on opportunity and uniformity though, the territory of medicinal services couldn't be further from equivalent in America. Consistently we see discusses medicinal services change in the news. Political applicants structure plans in their crusades. In any case, this book puts a genuine face on the disappointment of social insurance in America. I trust more individuals become mindful of how gravely change is required and they decide to turn out to be effectively associated with the change of the framework.

Being an Effective Instructional Designer Essay - 4

Being an Effective Instructional Designer - Essay Example Competency in the field of instructional plan relies upon the capacity to give powerful usage of instructional items and projects. It is considered as a significant competency. As per Richey Fields, Instructional planner need to utilize assessment information as a guide for correction of items and projects. It is significant for them to guarantee that their items are programs are refreshed as and when required. They likewise ought to guarantee that the instructional items and projects are reconsidered and changed by changing approaches and the need of the time. (10 Qualities of the Ideal Instructional Designer) There are different things that a viable instructional fashioner needs to consider. As indicated by Covey, an instructional fashioner should be professional dynamic. Genius action is considered as the capacity to adjust to changing circumstances through one’s own decisions. It’s about explaining arrangements as opposed to trusting that others will take care of th e issues. Instructional fashioners ought to be proactive particularly when in the business field. They should be professional dynamic and watch business patterns and fabricate wellbeing relations. They should be proactive and ensure that as opposed to trusting that customers will catch demands, they should stay aware of their business all around ok to envision their requirements. The following most significant piece of an instructional designer’s work is accentuation on execution examination. It is considered as the absolute most significant competency for achievement in this field. Along these lines leading top notch execution investigation is a significant part of this field. In a great deal of cases, administrators will be pressurized to make an easy route to coordinate move. Anyway this procedure ought to be debilitated and an activity ought to follow an examination. Along these lines the exercise here is to guarantee that the clients are given what they need rather than what the instructional originator sees that they need. Instructional originators need to guarantee that they have the end mapped in their psyche before they start. Therefore it is significant for instructional planners to seek after obvious standards and comprehend the business objectives that should be practiced. They should realize what precisely do the customers expect at long last? Where does the association stand today and how far have they reached? The targets and improvement work ought to follow the mission set before them. As referenced in the previously mentioned passages, it is imperative to do execution investigation by instructional originators. It is much progressively essential to do this exhibition investigation innovatively for them. It is frequently seen that the model for execution examination utilized by scholars will in general be exceptionally straightforward and doesn't feature the intricacy related with human execution issues. The purpose of accentuation here is that one should thoroughly consider of outbox. One should think as far as the skills that the customer needs to have for the instructional plan to be utilized effectively? Should the standard execution evaluations and sets of responsibilities be followed or should different methods for criticism be sought after? One ought to be eager to seek after why? (William J. Rothwell, 2008) The following purpose of accentuation for instructional plan field is the need to teach directors about execution analysis.â

Environmental Studies

Ecological Studies Reasonable Development â€Å"Sustainability is alludes to the inconclusive utilization of accessible normal assets while never causing consumption of the vitality or material sources on which man depends; while, advancement is the proceeded with progress of expectations for everyday comforts because of financial growth† (Dahir, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Environmental Studies Sustainable Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Therefore, supportable improvement alludes to the improvement that addresses the issues of the current ages without trading off the capacity of people in the future to meet their own needs† (Dahir, 2010). There are three fundamental methodologies that are utilized to sort manageable turn of events: These incorporate; the monetary, biological; and socio-social methodologies. Figure 1.0 shows the interrelation between the social, ecological and monetary parts of supportability and how they realize a practical turn of events. Figure 1.0: â€Å"Scheme of Sustainable Development at the juncture of three constituent parts†. Source: Wikipedia (2006). Monetary Approach From this methodology, the possibility of maintainability is that future expectations for everyday comforts ought not be kept from further improvement or support by current choices. Along these lines, the financial frameworks ought to take into account change into the future without consumption of prior speculations and investment funds. Biological Approach This methodology holds that reasonable advancement includes guaranteeing that coming up next are achieved:Advertising Looking for paper on ecological investigations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Genetic decent variety is saved. Life emotionally supportive networks and basic biological procedures are kept up. Biological systems and species are used in a productive way. Socio-social Approach This methodology describes manageable advancement comparable to creating and created nations as a profound and significant change in the accompanying: Political, Social, Economic; Institutional; And mechanical request. Coming up next are components that can be utilized to quantify accomplishment of a reasonable turn of events: Living Standards: Access to clean drinking water which advances solid living. Appropriate Sanitation: Attributed to great seepage frameworks, clean lavatories and toilets, and proficient waste administration rehearses. Improved Infrastructure: The presence of good correspondence and transport frameworks helps in advancing the travel industry and lessening mishaps. Political Stability: Allows for impartial dissemination of assets. Populace Numbers: There is a controlled development rate which diminishes overexploitation of assets like land, water and backwoods. High Literacy: High degrees of proficiency improve information and effects capacity to use accessible assets in an economical way. Pertinence of Sustainable Development Humans as a Threat Generally, man is considered as the best risk to acknowledgment of a practical situation. The rate at which man utilizes assets is higher than the pace of substitution of such assets (Accor, 2008). Comprehensively, there is an overwhelming reliance on woodlands for wood, fuel and charcoal. In spite of the high pace of tree collecting, there are little endeavors to supplant them. Likewise, different sorts of tree species take numerous years to develop and develop. Thusly, since the pace of use is extremely high, the quantities of trees are diminished by a specific rate each year. These outcomes in a worldwide temperature alteration and decrease in the measure of got precipitation (UNESCO, 2009): Hence, people in the future are presented to the danger of getting an unreasonable domain. Ecosystem’s Lack of Self-supportability The biological system isn't self reasonable, in this way, man needs to assume a significant job so as to make a feasible domain. For instance, duties ought to be expected for each asset utilized in any turn of events (UNESCO, 2009). For example, when a tree is cut, it is prudent to supplant it with mutiple. This would imply that group of people yet to come would get an opportunity to utilize similar species for own manageable turn of events. Since quite a while ago run Sustainability A drawn out manageability must be accomplished through act of an economical turn of events (UNESCO, 2009). The utilization of assets in an unreliable way prompts natural deterioration. This outcomes in exhaustion of assets, diminished profitability, a dangerous atmospheric devation and numerous other negative impacts. Thusly, a feasible way to deal with improvement ought to be polished for to acknowledge long haul benefits.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Environmental Studies Sustainable Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/p age Learn More Future Generations A reasonable advancement is required all together for group of people yet to come to have a portion of the present assets, and in a maintainable way (UNESCO, 2009). In this way, a maintainable improvement guarantees that all the essential prerequisites for supportable future are in at reach. Consumption of assets is wiped out and the odds of people in the future to experience the ill effects of unreasonable condition are decreased. Hence, people in the future will have openness to clean water, a green and beneficial condition, and assets like land will be accessible. Difficulties of Sustainable Development Despite the critical requirement for an economical turn of events, there are numerous difficulties that make its accomplishment troublesome. A portion of the difficulties are; neediness, populace sizes, poor arrangements, showcase disappointments, asset exhaustion, political unsteadiness, and absence of interest. These difficulties are examined in the accompanying passages. Neediness Poverty is described by a circumstance where individuals can't manage the cost of the most fundamental requirements forever (Dahir, 2010). It is perhaps the greatest test to accomplishment of a supportable turn of events. A poor society tends to over-rely upon woods for manageability. Subsequently, exhaustion of woodlands which causes infringement by deserts; in this manner, diminished yearly precipitation, evaporating of streams, decrease in crop creation, event of starvations and an unsteady economy. Be that as it may, neediness will keep on staying a significant test since the quantity of destitute individuals increments comprehensively: Poverty is the superseding topic of supportable turn of events. Internationally, 1.3 billion individuals live in supreme neediness (under 1 dollar for every day). Since the 1992 Rio Conference, the quantity of individuals living in supreme neediness has expanded. As found in figure 2.0, 82.7% of the worldwide pay goes to the 20% of the wealthiest worldwide populace (The Society Pages, 2009). Likewise, the vast majority of the ventures are possessed by this classification of the affluent as appeared by the chart (Figure 2.0) related to the most extravagant worldwide populace. Figure 2.0: â€Å"Champagne Glass Distribution of Wealth†. Source: The Society Pages (2009).Advertising Searching for article on natural examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Populace A high populace brings about expanded weight on the accessible assets (Accor, 2008). More individuals increment the interest for assets, for example, land, water, food, wellbeing offices. Thusly, the quick increment in worldwide populace adversely impacts on accomplishment of a supportable turn of events (Dahir, 2010). The world’s populace realities and its belongings are as portrayed underneath. Total populace is anticipated to contact 8 billion individuals continuously 2020. This is expressed as a fourfold increment when contrasted with 1920s development rate. Will bring about stiffer rivalry ashore and water assets. These may bring about clashes, in this manner, obstruct practical turn of events. Likewise, undermines the endurance and job of individuals living at means level. Interest The absence of support in feasible advancement exercises contrarily impacts on the acknowledgment of a practical turn of events. Numerous individuals don't take an interest in structu ring of formative projects. Significant guidance and conclusions from potential individuals need. The main pioneers of such projects become unsettled. These may bring about disappointment of significant manageability ventures. Strategy Market Failure A reasonable advancement can be obstructed from acknowledgment by poor arrangements and market disappointments in the accompanying manners (ILO, 2008): Existing natural laws and approaches are sabotaged by certain nations. Some consider such to be as an additional expense to their economy, yet immaterial. Exclusion †not mediating when vital. Commissions of such approaches incorporate; Conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), Land use Planning, and Development Planning (Swanson Laszlo, 2009). Elective Energy Sources: It is prudent to utilize elective wellsprings of vitality in order to decrease exhaustion of woods and other significant assets. This may assist with checking the pace of an unnatural weather change and unders tand a self supportable advancement for long haul. Natural Education: Creation of mindfulness on the requirement for an economical situation ought to be empowered through ecological training. This will expand the information for the need, therefore, individuals will help in the accomplishment of the fantasy (Swanson Laszlo, 2009). References Accor (2008) The Challenges of Sustainable Development. Web. Accor. Availableâ from: accor.com/en/practical turn of events/earth-visitor program/challenges.html . Dahir, H. (2010) The difficulties of accomplishing maintainable improvement in bothâ developed and creating nations, and their alterations. Web. Free Online Articles Directory. Accessible from: articlesbase.com/condition articles/the-challenges-of-accomplishing practical improvement in-both-created and-creating nations and-their-changes 3383258.html#axzz1PLFSY6G3 . ILO (2008) Global Challenges for Sustainable Development: Strategies for Green Jobs. Web. G8

Recruitment and Legal Compliance - 4125 Words

Recruitment and Legal Compliance (Essay Sample) Content: Part 1Assessment activity task 1:Recruitment and Legal ComplianceThe workforce of an organization is vital in determining the types of products and services that they provide to their consumers. Similarly, recruitment in organizations could also be in the form of other resources. A great size of attention needs to be required to attract and retain the well experienced and well-motivated workforce. McDonalds has recruited experienced and committed employees. Having a big workforce of about 122,458, the McDonalds is sure to have experienced workforce among the employees. The large size of the workforce helps McDonalds to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors as they can serve a bigger geographical region. Such services offer more customer satisfaction since the consumers are given first had services and products, thus increasing the consumer loyalty CITATION Mic06 \l 2057 (Michael, 2006).Legal compliance entails companies safeguarding their continued existe nce and operations to the public through compliance with the already existing labor, tax laws and other employment laws governing the organization. The Human Resource Management of McDonalds has to be observant with the employment practices, tax allowance, minimal wage and any discrimination policies that may exist.Human resource policies for better results * Ensure the financial policies are put in their right place * Ensure that the employee feedback is done regular * Evaluate the improvements that can be made for employees to enjoy better working conditionsHuman resource suggestions to improve teamwork in an organization * Define the responsibilities of each individual in the organization * Provide training and information to the employees on importance of working as a team * Enhance cooperation activities within the organization * Develop means to mediate disputes in the organizationAssessment activity task 2:Before 1984, South Australia had become a hub for discrimination both in the public and private sectors. The major sectors where discrimination was adamant were in the work places where it was evident even to the volunteers, accommodation, selling of land, customer service, advertising and education. In these areas, some people could not receive the proper service due to their race, age, gender or some disabilities that they had. Loss and humiliation was part of their daily encounters.The South Australia act of 1984 was adopted to help promote equality and equal opportunities among the entire citizens of South Australia. The law provides for antidiscrimination among the people, providing them an equal chance to participate in the activities of the community. The Equal opportunity act 1984 (SA) argued that it was unlawful to discriminate against age, caring responsibilities, chosen gender, disability, pregnancy, race, sex and sexuality. The discrimination law also covered areas such as victimization, whistle blowing and sexual harassment.On 2nd October , the South Australian law changed and was advanced in engulf other areas including the discrimination against caring responsibilities, wearing of religious dress to work and in school and identity of partner of spouse. Discrimination was also made to include the time limits for complaints. It also included loss or humiliation to reduce embarrassments and ridicules and offer the individuals with an equal opportunity for services offered. However, exceptions still accrue in the law to ensure those that are considered weak and disadvantaged in society and given better opportunities over others. One of the examples to exceptions being provided by the law includes the age discrimination for sporting activities.Assessment activity task 3:Activities involved in changing a car tyre * Identify or find a stable and safe place where the tyre can be change. It is best for the area identified to be as flat as possible. * Apply the parking brake on the car and put the gear of the car into à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‹Å"parkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ position. Where there transmission of the car is standard, it is advisable to put the gear in first or reverse gear. Place a heavy object such as a stone in the front of both the front and back tyres to reduce risk of car moving. * Take out the jack and the spare wheel and place the jack on the frame that is near the tyre that is being changed. * Raise the jack to the point where it is supporting the car but not lifting it up. * In case there is a hub cap on the wheel, it should be removed and then loosen the nuts by rotating them counter clockwise. At this point the wheel should be on the ground to ensure that only the nuts turn and not the wheels. * Pump the jack more to lift the tyre of the ground for ease of replacement. While lifting the car, ensure that it is stable enough. * Remove the all the nuts completely the remaining process and then remove the flat tyre. * Place the spare tyre on the hub on the car and align it before placing the nuts back. * T ighten the nut by hand first to ensure that the tyre remains aligned, and then using a wrench, tighten the nuts using as little force as possible to avoid the risk of upsetting the jack. * Release the jack to lower the car and tighten the nuts of the tyre completely. * Once the nuts are fully tightened, replace the hubcap. * Finally, put the old tyre in the trunk of the car and take it to the mechanic for repairs.Assessment activity task 4:Job description for restaurant managerRestaurant manager job responsibilities * Ensures that the customers are pleased by the quality of dining experience providedDescription of restaurant manager job duties * The restaurant manager ensures that the human resource objectives are achieved through recruitments, training, scheduling, counselling and disciplining employees. * Ensure proper communication is achieved by communicating the job expectations of each employee, reviewing of the job contributions by each employee and enforcing policies and pro cedures. * Accomplish the restaurants financial objectives by preparing annual budgets, forecasts and analyzing the variance schedules at the end of each financial year. * Plan the menus for the restaurant after consultation with the chefs * Control the costs by controlling the proportions and quantities of preparing the food while at the same time ensuring that wastages are minimized. * Enhance the organization of the different departments by exploring available opportunities for growth and development for value addition in the restaurantPersonal specification/ required skills and qualifications for position of restaurant manager * Verbal Communication, People Management, Self-Motivated, Foster Teamwork, Planning, Multi-tasking, Customer Service, Giving Feedback, Energy Level, Developing Budgets and ease of Resolving ConflictAssessment activity task 5:Internal recruitmentAdvantages * It is a cheaper means of recruitment as no advertisements are made. Only a written memo is circulat ed around the premises * The panel of employers are well aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the candidates available * It motivates the employees within the business as it offers them opportunities for promotion * The personnel being employed into the business already understands the business operationsDisadvantages * It limits the possibility of bringing in new ideas into the business premises * It reduces the number of potential applicants who are interviewed for the position and may not get the best qualified individual for the job. * Internal recruitment may cause resentment among the employees who are not appointed into the position towards the one appointed to fill the position. * Finally, it creates another vacancy in the lower position that requires to be filled.External recruitmentAdvantages * Opens up a larger pool of applicant from a wide range of qualifications into the organization * Provide a new outlook for the company and allow them to stay competitive in the m arket * It opens up better opportunities to hire better qualified individuals into different offices to improve the quality of the taskforce in the organization. * Allows for new ideas to be brought into the organizationDisadvantages * Requires advertisements and interviews to be conducted on candidates thus making it more expensive * The selection processes that are adopted by different companies may not be fully effective to identify the best candidate for the job * It is a longer processAssessment activity task 6:McDonalds is looking for a new:SALES MANAGERin Des Plaines, Illinois in the United States.Your missionUnder the supervision of the director of the organization in Illinois, your mission will be to provide management activities for the organization ranging from maintenance of sales volume, adjustments of prices while monitoring costs and computing the operational sales requirements for the organization.Your profileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ University degree in management or its equivalentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ At least 5 years experience in the sales industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Solid knowledge of the ethical and organizational requirements in sales managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strong verbal communication abilities in English. French would be an added advantage.The place of work is in Des Plaines, IllinoisApplications should be emailed toapplications@McDonalsfoodsandrestaurant.comAll the interested parties can send their full applications with their CVs and a picture. Final date of application will be 1st October 2015. The application will be received and processed with full confidentiality.Assessment activity task 7:McDonalds provides its employees with induction training to welcome them into the workplace. However,...

An Emotional Bond Between Children And Their Caregivers Essay

Introduction: Define attachment: Secure attachment is defined by the psychology glossary as â€Å"an emotional bond between children and their caregivers† (Psychologistworldcom, 2016) Normal development of attachment: Mary Ainsworth in the early 1950’s developed a technique to measure attachment, called the â€Å"strange situation procedure†. She wanted to observe how children react to their mother’s leaving the room, being left alone with a stranger, and how they react to their mother returning.(Brain et al, 2009). She noticed that children with secure attachment were upset when their mother left, but were easily calmed and settled when their mother returned. She also noticed that children with secure attachments appeared to be those whose mother were consistent and sensitive and met their needs. This made them feel safe and trust their caregivers and thus develop a secure attachment. (Alleydog.com s online glossary.) What if this was not present? If this consistent, nurturing and responsive relationship between the caregiver and the child is not present then the child will develop an insecure attachment. (Simplypsychologyorg, 2016) Bowlby’s sensitive period: Bowlby developed a theory called the â€Å"attachment theory† that suggests that children are born and come into this world ready to attach in order to survive. He believed that this attachment should occur during the child’s first 2-3 years which is their critical period. If the attachment bond does not occur or if itsShow MoreRelatedThe Social And Emotional Development Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesand parents/caregiver to develop because of social and emotional need. A child’s emotional and social development has significant impact for the social function of a child throughout their lives, education, friendships and employment. Research show that a child with no social and emotional development are at very high risk of having poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into poor decision in life and crime. Many researches show the key to social and emotional developmentRead MoreHow Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional D evelopment Of The Child? Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe social and emotional development of the child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to social and emotional development liesRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the key areas in these relationships that are guided by attachment theory include childRead MorePersonality Development By Mary D. Salter Ainsworth And John Bowlby1322 Words   |  6 Pagesas defined by â€Å"Infants, Children, and Adolescents† is the strong emotional connection that develops between an infant and caregiver, which provides the infant with a sense of joy, comfort, and emotional security (Berk, 2012, p. 264). Between 6 to 12 months of age, infants typically have developed said strong emotional connection to familiar people who have responded to their need for comfort, care, and other needs. While many individuals might suggest that a baby’s emotional connection to the motherRead MoreChildhood Development And Childhood Stages1633 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood, is a period characterised by significant cognitive, emotional, social and biological development. This discussion will consider the significant aspects of childhood development and experiences that contribute to children’s longer-term well-being, however, its primary focus will be socio-emotional development. Longer-term well-being refers to physical, social and emotional health over a continuous period of time. However, it is important to consider that this a relatively broad definitionRead MoreAttachment Theory And Attachment Theories1053 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with attachment theory, first everyone should understand what the attachment is. According to attachment means bonding between a child and caregiver or vice versa. The attachment theory is the theory that describes the long term interpersonal relationship between the humans. Also, it can be defined as the strong bond between parent and child, and later in peer and romantic relationship (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 85). It generates a specific fact that how the humans react in relationshipsRead More Theories of Attac hment: The Importance of Bonding with Infants and Toddlers1196 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom their mom and dad as well as being sung and read to at night. Looking at parents bond with their children is a beautiful display of love and affection between parent and child. Seeing their infant smile back at them and be happy when their parents walk into the room are signs of healthy attachment. In order for infants to feel safe and secure they need to form a loving bond between their parents and caregivers. Healthy signs of attachment are eye contact with parents, feeling secure when parentsRead MoreThe Between Seven And 11 Months Of Age991 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween seven and 11 months of age, there is a strong show of attachment as well as an inclination towards a specific caregiver. Separation from the specific caregiver results in protests and anxiety when placed around strangers, a phenomenon Immordino-Yang and Damasio (2011) refered to as separation anxiety and stranger anxiety respectively. In the multiple attachments stage, just after nine months, children start forming emotional bonds beyond the primary figure they were previously attachedRead MoreErik Eriksons Attachment Theory Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesat a disadvantaged for the future. During the first couple challenges, Erikson believed that the caregiver has a great impact on a child’s development (Romero). According to Erik Erickson, in the first year of a child’s life, the main challenge is to establish trust. After birth, an infant must depend completely on others to fulfill their needs. To create a safe environment for the baby, a caregiver must provide things like food, love, and safety. Overall, if the child’s needs are met, the childRead MoreAttachment Theory As A Framework For Understanding Interpersonal And Emotional Outcomes Of Adults1442 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpersonal and emotional outcomes of adults. Attachment theory also creates, an understanding of how parent relationships, affects a child’s early physiological development throughout adult-hood. In the past, research done on father -child relationships, has generally, focused on the attachment the child develops, when the father is absent in the child’s early stages of development. In my research, I found recent studies, performed on father-child relationships, and how secure attachment bonds are developed

Sublime Elements in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura...

The novel Like Water for Chocolate, published in 1989, was written by Laura Esquivel who is of Spanish heritage. She lives in Mexico, and Like Water for Chocolate was her first novel. I feel that in the story Laura Esquivel gives a lot of magical elements that are treated as real in order to evoke emotions about love, but it also employs many features of sublime literature. In Like Water for Chocolate, a girl named Tita was born. When she was first born, it mentions that she was literally washed into this world on a great tide of tears that spilled over the edge of the table and flooded across the kitchen floor (6). This occurrence appears to be a magical element rather than the sublime. A baby cannot be washed into the world.†¦show more content†¦By crying one tear into the wedding cake, Tita ruined the whole wedding cake and affected a multitude of people. Another magical characteristic in the story is that Gertrudiss body was giving off so much heat that the wooden walls of the shower began to split and burst into flame (54). Terrified, she thought that she would be burnt to death, and she ran out of the little enclosure just as she was, completely naked (54). This happening is a magical element; however, it also could be linked to the sublime literature as well because it is an example of Longinus notion of intensification using sublime language. Also, the scent of roses given off by Gertrudiss body a long, long way (54), all the way to town, where the rebel forces and the federal troops were engaged in a fierce battle is a magical realist element as well as an example of the intensification accomplished by sublime language (Longinus). Further into the story, Tita removed the boy from her breast: a thin stream of milk sprayed out. Tita could not understand it. It was not possible for an unmarried woman to have milk, short of a supernatural act, unheard of in these times (76). This occurrence is both magical and sublime. Something like this can not happen and, therefore, is magical, yet it also presents a lofty image of lone, which is keeping with Longinus notion of theShow MoreRelated Magical Realism and Fantastic Sublime in Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate989 Words   |  4 PagesMagical Realism and Fantastic Sublime in Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate The different elements of the story Like Water for Chocolate are amazing. The feelings that go through a person upon listening, watching, and tasting events that happen during this story of the Spanish familys lives. The customs of this family were so unorthodox. This story is fantastic sublime and magical realism combined. Laura Esquivel wrote this novel in 1992. The nationality of the people in the novel wasRead More Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey1435 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey      Ã‚   From the beginning of The Monkey, a short story located within Isak Dinesens anthology Seven Gothic Tales, the reader is taken back to a â€Å"storytime† world he or she may remember from childhood. Dinesens 1934 example of what has been identified as the Gothic Sublime sets the stage for analysis of its relationship to other types of literature. What constitutes Sublime literature? More importantly, how may sublime literature

Online Trading Essay Example For Students

Online Trading Essay TOPIC- CUSTOMER PREFERENSE TOWORDS ONLINE SHARE TRADING WITH SPECIAL REFERENSE TO ANAND RATHI SECURITIES IN BHILAI DURG REGION INTRODUCTION ONLINE TRADING Today is world of technology. So, the person who adopt it, get the success. So, online trading means trading through electronic means. Online trading is the trading in which the investors who are familiar with the use of computer and Internet they directly trade in stock market. They trade any time at any place when the stock market is open. The cost of transaction is also reduce with time. The investors have a large range of option for the trading. It is a paperless transaction so it reduces the cost of company. There was a facility of live streaming quotes, which give exact price of share which prevailing in the market at that time. Discount online brokers allow you to trade via Internet at reduced rates. Some provide quality research, other don’t. Full service online brokerage is linked to existing brokerage. These brokers allow their client to place online orders with the option of talking/chatting to brokers if advice is needed. Brokerage rates here are higher. Online trading is still in its infancy stage in India. Online trading involves investment activity which takes place over the Internet and it does not require physical inclusion of the broker. An investor has to register with an online trading portal like ICICIdirect. com, motilaloswal. com and sharekhan. com and many companies like that and investor gets into an agreement with the firm to trade in different securities according to the terms and conditions given on the agreement. As the servers of the online trading portal are connected all the time to the stock exchanges and designated banks the order processing is done in real time and investors can also have updates on the trading. They can also check the status of their orders either through e-mail or through the interface that it cannot be accessed by a third party. Some options are usually given to users such as to link their bank account, Demat accounts and brokerage accounts into a single interface. A single window is also there for all exchanges and a single screen is there for the complete order routing mechanism. The hardware used comprises of Web and application servers, switches, routers, firewalls and security devices, and specialized appliances. There are two broad model inplay in the online brokrege space 1. Bank-backed firms 2. Entrepreneur-floated firms Bank-backed brokerages such as ICICIdirect and HDFC Securities have expanded on the basis of their brand name and the trust of investors in them. The integrated 3-in-1 accounts offered by these bank-backed brokerages help their parent bank by giving it accounts along with float income In second case i. e Entrepreneur-backed companies like Sharekhan, Indiabulls, Religare and Indiainfoline have expanded by offering customers a mix of online and offline accounts, higher margin finance amounts and lower brokerage rates. Though the bank based has performed better but the latter have not lagged too far behind. The reason why online trading has developed over conventional offline brokerage firms is that this conventional method struggled with unfavorable economies. Staff cost is just one example of it. As the markets opens for 330 minutes a day one dealer can at best execute 500 trades in a day while online company like ICICI direct executes 150,000-200,000 trades a day on the National Stock Exchange alone accounting for 3-4% of NSE trades of 5 million a day. It would require a large amount of dealers to service this demand. Besides the salary costs it would also demand huge expenses in real estate and support systems. Ex The offline model has got a downfall in the form of lower bandwidth and IT costs and the cost of bandwidth has fallen to one-eighth of what it was in 2000 giving online broking an advantage especially in the case of lower-volume retail investors. Today 30% of volumes on the NSE comes from this and it may go up to 50% in three-four years providing explosive growth for online broking in India To be a successful trading portal it will definitely depend on bouquet of services provided by it for an end-user. Most of the portals charge a small registration fee and brokerage based on various conditions but its important for the organization to keep focussed on customer-centric services and delivery models to actually enjoy the most attention Emmergence of online trading in india The Indian trader is being fancied by the democratized world of online trading or also known as e-broking. The regular and attractive advertisements in the print media and electronic media have added to this fancy world . But as we compare to the Western countries, in India online rading has not still grasped the market, but has done a veried amount of progress in the past years and the future of online trading is bright. That is why many new companies are coming into this form of business structure and the existing companies are changing to this new format besides offline and other traditional forms of business. With only a mere share of 10% online trading a combined gross turnover of around Rs. 9000-10,000 crores handled by the BSE and NSE together there is a much greater scope for online trading. At present some of the dominant players in the online trading market of share market are 1. Sharekhan. com 2. Icicidirect. com 3. Unicon 4. 5paisa. com 5. Indiabulls 6. KotakSecurities 7. MotilalOswal 8. Geojit Securities 9. Angel Trade 10. RelianceMoney 11. Religare 12. Karvy 13. IL Earlier the share market was not safe enough to invest but some of the changes in the past ten years in the Indian share market have created the interest of trading in the shares by the people. Broadly we can classify three important factors which have contributed to the development of online trading in India- Firstly the major step was taken by the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in the year 1994 which allowed the electronic trading and seeing to this various other stock exchanges in India followed soon. This helped in making the fast . accurate and transparent transactions saving a lot of time then the traditional method of trading. The investors were also saved by the clutches of the fraud brokers at the times when the clients were not aware of the true prices of the shares. Secondly, in the year 1996 the dematerialization of the shares came (also known as DEMAT) which avoided the online presence of shares in an electronic form avoiding them from theft, pilferage or from other losses like counterfeiting and frauds regarding share transfer. The third reason was the rapid growth of computer education and learning of internet by the people. With the evolving of internet the online trading became a hit and the investors became confident in investing just with a click of a mouse. With the happening of such events the ratio of trading has improved a lot. As it takes less time people praise this technology for trading purposes. Some people who traded rarely now even trades 2-3 times every day as it provides edge of researching about companies on the internet. The number of small investors is increasing on the daily basis that trades on the internet. If a person invests or trades in equities, derivatives, commodities etc through the use Internet it is known as online trading enabling the investor to connect electronically to buy or sell stocks,derivatives etc with the other investors. This can be done with the help of online service providers like Sharekhan. com, ICICI Direct. com etc. A person can access a stockbrokers website through an PC connected to Internet and can place his orders. The benefits are- * A person can see the latest market movement through streaming quotes. * Reduces time lag due to self-execution and instant confirmation. * Empowers traders to have a complete control over their trading decisions. * A person can access his accounts and related information on the Website. Provides greater convenience of trade as a person can trade from home or other convenient location. * It is cheap in terms of cost associated and offers reduction in overheads * A trader can view the historical charts on his computer. The Internet revolution has changed the way to communicate and the way to do business in today’s society bringing us closer and closer to vital sources of information. It provides us with means to directly interact with service-oriented com puter systems tailored to our specific needs; therefore we can serve ourselves better by making our own decisions. This new access by the online trading customers to low-cost transactions and cutting-edge, real- time market information that formerly belonged only to brokers has opened up extraordinary new investment opportunities as well as a crucial need for state-of-the-art information Today the investors use the Internet Client-Server technology to buy and sell the securities at an instant at any point of time. People investing online have reached the proportions. Online trading follows an investor to buy and sell shares on the exchange through Internet and helps in the direct control of his investments ONLINE TRADING IN INDIA Online trading started in India in February 2000 when a couple of brokers started offering an online trading platform for their customers. In the past, investors had no option but to contact their broker to get real time access to market data. The Net brings data to the investor on line and net broking enables him to trade on a click. Now information has become easily accessible to both retail as well as big investors. The development of broking in India can be categorized in 3 phases: * Stock brokers offering on their sites features such as live portfolio manager, live quotes, market research and news to attract more investors. * Brokers (now e-brokers) will offer value management or services such as initial public offerings on line, asset allocation, portfolio management, financial planning, and tax planning, insurance services and enable the investors to take better and well-considered decisions. * Brokers offering on line broking and relationship management by providing and offer ing analysis and information to investors during broking and non-broking hours based on their profile and needs, that is, customized services. DEMATERIALISATION OF SHARES The term Demat, in India, refers to a dematerialised account. For individual Indian citizens to trade in listed stocks or debentures. The Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) requires the investor to maintain a Demat account. Dematerialization is the process wherein shares certificates or other securities held in physical form are converted into electronic form and credited to demat account of an investor opened with a depository participant A Demat Account is opened by the investor while registering with an investment broker (or sub broker). The Demat account number which is quoted for all transactions to enable electronic settlements of trades to take place.. SEBI has made compulsory trading of shares of all the companies listed in stock exchanges in demat form with effect from 2nd January 2002. The procedure of opening a demat account with DP is similar to opening an account with a bank. Advantages of Demat 1. The demat account reduces brokerage charges. 2. Demat makes pledging/hypothecation of shares easier. 3. Demat enables quick ownership of securities on settlement resulting in increased liquidity. 4. It provides easy receipt of public issue allotments. 5. It helps avoids confusion in the ownership title of securities. 6. It also helps you avoid bad deliveries caused by signature mismatch. . It also help in avoiding postal delays and loss of certificates in transit. 8. It eliminates risks associated with forgery, counterfeiting and loss due to fire, theft or mutilation. 9. Demat account holders can also avoid stamp duty (as against 0. 5 per cent payable on physical shares. Disadvantages of Demat 1. Trading in securities may become un controlled in case of dematerialized securities. 2. It is incumbent upon the capital market regulator to keep a close watch on the trading in dematerialized securities and see to it that trading does not act as a detriment to investors. . The role of key market players in case of dematerialized securities, such as stock-brokers, needs to be supervised as they have the capability of manipulating the market. 4. Multiple regulatory frameworks have to be confirmed to, including the Depositories Act, Regulations and the various By-Laws of various depositories. 5. Additionally, agreements are entered at various levels in the process of dematerialization. These may cause anxiety to the investor desirous of simplicity in terms of transactions in dematerialized securities. However, the advantages of dematerialization outweigh its disadvantages and the changes ushered in by SEBI and the Central Government in terms of compulsory dematerialization of securities is important for developing the securities market to a degree of advancement. Freely traded securities are an essential component of such an advanced market and dematerialization addresses such issues and is a step towards the advancement of the market. DEPOSITORY SYSTEM Depository is an organization which holds of the securities of the investors in the electronic form same as bank hold money. Further, depository transfer securities with out physical handling. Now a days most of the bank are also DPs so any one can contact to DP with their identity proof and pan card for opening demat account for a prescribe fee by the DP. Depository offers various services to the investors through its depository participants such as maintenance of investors beneficial holding in electronic form ,dematerialization and rematerialisation of securities ,facilitation of settlement of trade in electronic form and electronic trading in case of IPO and corporate action such as rights, bonus. TWO TYPES OF DEPOSITORIES * National securities depositories Ltd. ( NSDL) * Central depository services (INDIA)Ltd. (CDSL) NSDL was the first depository organisation promoted by UTI,IDBI AND NSE. Nsdl was set up to provide electronis depository facilities for securities being traded in capital market . the depository oridence was promulgated by the government of indiain September ,1995 The SEBI issued a guidelines for depositories in May, 1996, The bill was passed by the parliament in July 1996, where as NSDL was registered by SEBI on June 7,1996. NSDL has minimum net worth of Rs. 100crore . NSDL deals with shares in dematerialized form with DPs who are agent of investors bankers stock banks and financial institution DPs can be a public financial institution , bank, custodian, registered stock broker or no banking financial companies subject to the approval from the depository companies and the SEBI. As per RBI guideline, institutional investors/bank having a minimum portfolio of securities of RS 10crore have to settle all transaction through depositories. DPs participants has to pay a admission fees of Rs. 25000 to NSDL and deposit Rs 10lakh as a security with NSDL. CDSL CDSL commenced its operation during February, 1999. It was promoted by Bombay stock exchange in association with leading banks such as SBI Bank Of India, Bank Of Baroda , HDFC Bank, Standard Charted Bank , Union Bank Of India And Centurion Bank CDSL was set up with the objective of providing convenient, dependable and secure depository services at affordable cost to all market participants . ll leading stock exchanges like the NSE, Calcutta stock exchange, Delhi stock exchange, Ahmadabad stock exchange etc. Have established connectivity with CDSL. As at the end of March 2002 over 4,300 issuer have their securities (equity, bond, debenture commercial papers), units of mutual fund, certificate of deposits etc. in to the CDSL system . thus an investors can hold almost all his securities in one account with CDSL . REMATERILISATION OF SHARES Rematerialization is the proces s of conversion of electronic holdings of securities into physical certificate form. For rematerilisation of scrips, the investor has to fill up a remat request form (RRF) and submit it to the DP. The DP forwards the request to depository after verifying the investor’s balances. Depository in turn initiates the registrars and transfer agent or the issuer company. RTA/ Company prints the certificates and dispatches the same to the investor. OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT REPORT https://tin. tin. nsdl. com/pan/index. html * To understand the attitude of the on-line share traders in Durg-Bhilai city . To measure the effectiveness of broking sites in Durg-Bhilai. * To conduct an enquiry among the share trading public in Durg-Bhilai about their experience with broking sites. * To suggest some improvements in these sites if needed. * To understand the depth up to which the on-line share traders are clear and aware of on-line share trading. * To know the procedure of online trading Anand Rathi set up in 1994, is one of India’s fastest growing full-service securities fi rm with a presence in more than 300 locations across India and has offices in Dubai Bangkok. Anand Rathi provides wealth management services, investment banking, and brokerage distribution services in the areas of equities, commodities, mutual funds and insurance. The group caters to the financial needs of diversified group of clients, which include the well-reputed Corporate Groups, Institutions, Foreign Investors, Individuals as well as wealthy families and was recently ranked by an Asia Money 2006 poll amongst South Asia’s top 5 wealth managers for the ultra rich. Anand Rathi today has a pan India presence as well as an international presence through offices in Dubai and Bangkok. Anand Rathi provides a breadth of financial and advisory services including wealth management, investment banking, corporate advisory, brokerage distribution of equities, commodities, mutual funds and insurance all of which are supported by powerful research teams. The firms philosophy is entirely client centric, with a clear focus on providing long term value addition to clients, while maintaining the highest standards of excellence, ethics and professionalism. The entire firm activities are divided across distinct client groups: Individuals, Private Clients, Corporates and Institutions. In year 2007 Citigroup Venture Capital International joined the group as a financial partner and 19. 9% stake held by Citigroup Venture Capital International (CVC) THE VISION TEAM Anand Rathi | Founder Chairman Pradeep Gupta | Co-founder Vice chairman Amit Rathi | Managing Director P G Kak odkar | Director Dr. S A Dave | Director C D Arha | Director Ajit Bhushan | Director SERVICES’ PROFILE OF â€Å"Anand WEALTH MANAGEMENT Centers located Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Dubai, Bangkok and Singapore. Dealing with: * INSTITUTIONS * PRIVATE CLIENTS * PRIORITY CLIENTS * NON RESIDENT CLIENTS INVESTMENT BANKING AND CORPORATE FINANCE Centers located at Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmadabad dealings in: * Equity Capital Market – IPOs / FPO Real estate/ Private Equity / Advisory * M * Debt Raising, Syndication and Restructuring BROKERAGE AND DISTRIBUTION Present at 400 locations across India Dealings in: * EQUITIES * ? DERIVATIVES * BONDS * MUTUAL FUNDS * COMMODITIES * ? LIFE AND GENERAL INSURANCE AWARDS AND ACCOLADES * Ranked #1 Pvt bank Domestic and # 2 Private Bank –Overall by Asiamoney polls 2009. * They are consistently amongst the top 3 brokers in commodity and currency segments on MCX, NSE and MCX-SX. * They are amongst the top 10 brokers on DGCX. First to introdu ce structured p roducts in commodities. MAIN CUSTOMERS OF â€Å"Anand Rathi† * INDUSTRIAL GROUPS * ? BIRLA’s – Birla Sunlife Insurance, Grasim Industries, Hindalco, Indal, Indian Rayon, Indo Gulf, Transworks * VENDATA’s – Balco Industries, Hindustan Zinc Limited, Sterlite Industries, Vendata * TATA’s – Tata Investments, Tata Steel, Tata Motors Limited, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited * MULTINATIONALS – Bayer, Clariant, Godfrey Philips, Goodlass Nerolac, Hindustan Lever Limited, Nestle, Thomas Cook Travels and many more BANKS – Andhra Bank, Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, HDFC Bank, General and Life Insurance Corp, Punjab National Bank and many more * 12 CORPORATES – ACC Cement, Berger Paints, Boots Piramal, Century Textiles, CRISIL, Crompton Greaves, Dabur, DCM, Emami, General Electrics Shipping, Globus, Godrej, Gujarat Ambuja, ICICI Ventures, HCL, Infosys, Indian Tobacco Company, Jet Airways, Jindal Steel, Larsen Tubro , Mahindra Mahindra, Radico Khaitan, Raymonds, Wipro, Varun Shipping and many more. AR Core Strengths Client-centric philosophy, with focus on providing long term value addition to clients, maintaining highest standards of excellence, ethics and professionalism * We always strive to develop strong relationships with our clients nurtured by personal attention of senior management * We approach our clients holistically with the goal of balancing their strategic and financial objectives * Proficiency in rendering consistent high quality value added services * A senior product team of retail specialists who provide hands on support to Personal Investment Advisors for all products Why Anand Rathi? Both domestic and International platform * Dedicated Corporate Setup * Regional penetration * Research capability * Offering tailor made solutions for specific exposure COMPETITORS OF Anand Rathi REMOTE COMPETITORS INDIAN BANKS:- * Kotak Bank * Housing Development and Finance Corporation Bank * Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank * State Bank of India * 13 Bank of Baroda * Canara Bank * ING Vysya INDIAN ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANIES * Cholamandalam * Lotus India * Principal * Optimix * Sahara FOREIGN BANKS and ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANIES * ABN Amro Bank * Deustche Bank Hongkong Shanghai Bank Corporation * Franklin Templeton * DSP Merill Lynch * BNP Paribas * Quantum IMMEDIATE COMPETITORS RELIGARE ENTERPRISES 14 Religare Enterprises Limited group comprises of Religare Securities Limited, Religare Commodities . Limited and Religare Finvest Limited which deals in equity, commodity and financial services business. Religare Securities Limited is one of the leading broking houses of India and is dealing into Equity Broking, Depository Services, Portfolio Management Services, Institutional Equity Brokerage Research, Investment Banking and Corporate Finance. Art Program EssayRolling Settlement Cycle in a rolling settlement, each trading day is considered as a trading period and trades executed during the day are settled based on the net obligations for the day. At NSE and BSE, trades in rolling settlement are settled on a T+2 basis i. e. on the 2nd working day. For arriving at the settlement day all intervening holidays, which include bank holidays, NSE/BSE holidays, Saturdays and Sundays are excluded. Typically trades taking place on Monday are settled on Wednesday, Tuesdays trades settled on Thursday and so on. Concept Of Buying Limit Suppose you have sold some shares on NSE and are trying to figure out that if you can use the money to buy shares on NSE in a different settlement cycle or say on BSE. To simplify things for ICICI Direct customers, we have introduced the concept of Buying Limit (BL). Buying Limit simply tells the customer what is his limit for a given settlement for the desired exchange. Assume that you have enrolled for a ICICI Direct account, which requires 100% of the money required to fund the purchase, be available. Suppose you have Rs 1,00,000 in your Bank A/C and you set aside Rs 50,000 for which you would like to make some purchase. Your Buying Limit is Rs 50,000. Assume that you sell shares worth Rs 1,00,000 on the NSE on Monday. The BL therefore for the NSE at that point of time goes upto Rs 1,50,000. This means you can buy shares upto Rs 1,50,000 on NSE or BSE. If you buy shares worth Rs 75,000 on Tuesday on NSE your BL will naturally reduce to Rs75,000. Hence your BL is simply the amount set aside by you from your bank account and the amount realized from the sale of any shares you have made less any purchases you have made. Your BL of Rs 50,000, which is the amount set aside by you from your Bank account for purchase is available for BSE and NSE. As you have made the sale of shares on NSE for Rs. 100000, the BL for NSE BSE rises to 1,50,000. The amount from sale of shares in NSE will also be available for purchase on BSE. ICICI Direct SUCCESS FACTORS FOR ONLINE TRADING There are three key success factors for e-broking, (i) Scalability and robustness of the trading system: The fundamental difference between the Internet as a transaction medium and the conventional closed user group network is that the Net is a universal platform providing concurrent access to infinite users at any given point in time. Consequently, it becomes imperative for any Net-based application to have a proven capability for scalability and robustness which ensures the ability to handle and process requests from multiple users at any given point in time. (ii) Bandwidth optimization: In the Indian context where availability of a sufficient bandwidth is limited, the application software should demonstrate intelligence in optimizing the available bandwidth by deploying advanced technologies such as streaming. (iii) Integration with third party systems: On the Net, with information feeds available from multiple points, it is prudent to deploy applications that are built on open architecture methodology for interfacing with third party systems in the new Net age. CHALLENGES IN INTERNET TRADING For Internet trading to succeed, it is imperative to have both – 1. A robust business model and 2. Comprehensive technology strategy. Some of the challenges are discussed: Transaction fulfillmentIn the Net-based economy, it is both prudent and essential for a broker/intermediary to offer total solution to the clients at a single point. Total solutions would essentially mean offering interfaces with banks, depositories, information feeds, etc. for efficiency in trade completion and reducing duplication of client information. The service providers will have to go beyond the stage of mere order execution and emerge as informediaries rather than intermediaries. This will not only ensure lower trading costs in terms of offering cross services but will also help in maximizing ROIs. A true Internet trading system should deliver cost effective transaction fulfillment at a single point. System Requirements For online trading client computer should have at least the following configuration: * Pentium 3 PC, Minimum 128 MB RAM * Windows 2000/XP * Internet Connection * Internet Explorer 6. 0 * Java enabled in IE * VM java(Download) FUTURE OF INTERNET TRADING International marketplaces are already witnessing re-alignments and changes with the emergence of electronic communication networks (ECNs) such as INSTINET and ISLAND, which are already contributing substantial business volumes to mainline exchanges such as NASDAQ and the NYSE. Concurrently, exchanges worldwide are looking at striking strategic alliances such as the Global Equity Market (GEM). With Net trading in securities and rapid consolidation between multiple stock exchanges, the international securities marketplace is fast becoming a global village through the creation of a universal virtual equity market. Therefore the challenge for the technology providers is to develop and deploy advanced e-trading tools and applications using electronic straight through processing technologies. OFFLINE TRADING Nevertheless, with all the convenience of online trading there are still investors who prefer the old fashion way of offline trading. Offline trading has lost some popularity but it is still the main form of investing. Offline trading offers many benefits as well. Benefits of offline trading: 1. The one benefit that an investor appreciates the most is that they are not alone when making investment decisions. 2. There are experienced and professional brokerage companies that handle their investments for them. 3. Investors are not faced with the challenge of making these vital investment decisions; especially, if they do not have the experience necessary to make the appropriate investments. 4. Also, there is someone there to answer any questions that may cause concerns. Not to mention, with offline trading mistakes are less likely to take place. No one wants to throw their money away or stand by and watch someone else throw their money away. It may be wise to hire a professional to assist you in making the correct investment decisions if you feel you lack the knowledge necessary. Points of difference between online trading and ofline trading are as follows: 1. Online trading is very expensive as compare to manual trading or offline trading. 2. Online trading consumes less time as compare to manual trading. 3. Online trading has very helpful to finding the records easily but offline trading takes more time to finding the records. 4. In the help of online trading, there is no chance of any errors while doing the trading. in offline trading there are some errors exist like barriers of communication . . With the help of online trading, we know the international market rate of share very easily. ONLINE TRADING INFRASTRUCTURE The emergence of online exchanges has facilitated faster transactions by providing online trading portals and brokerage houses ease and flexibility. The Internet has indeed opened up new opportunities for conducting the business. The worldwide stock exchanges has made a major shift from the traditional method of trading and now conduct a bulk of its business online through its brokers and partners. In the developed countries majorly all the exchange transactions are conducted online. The trend took off slowly in India and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) two of the largest exchanges in India have been conducting online trading for some times ONLINE TRADING BY NSE BSE The central computer located at the Exchange is connected to the workstations of the Brokers through satellite using Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs). Orders placed at the Brokers workstations reach the central computer and are matched by the computer based on price and time priority. Both the exchanges have switched over from the open outcry trading system to a fully automated computerized mode of trading known as BOLT (BSE On Line Trading) and NEAT (National Exchange Automated Trading) System. It facilitates more efficient processing, automatic order matching, faster execution of trades and transparency. The scrips traded on the BSE have been classified into A, B1, B2, C, F and Z groups. The A group shares represent those, which are in the carry forward system (Badla). The F group represents the debt market (fixed income securities) segment. The Z group scrips are the blacklisted companies. The C group covers the odd lot securities in A, B1 B2 groups and Rights renunciations. Key regulator governing Stock Exchanges, Brokers, Depositories, Depository participants, Mutual Funds, FIIs and other participants in Indian secondary and primary market is the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Ltd. The NSE and BSE are among the largest exchanges in the country handling very large daily trading volumes, support large amounts of data traffic, and have a very large nationwide network. The trading volume in year 2000 was huge with the average daily turnover in the capital markets segment at NSE is around Rs 2300 crore and in the derivatives segment, around Rs 1300 crore. The market has grown in scope and scale in a way that could not have been imagined at the time. Average daily trading volumes have jumped from Rs. 17 crore in 1994-95 when NSE started its Cash Market segment to Rs. 11,325 crore in 2008-09. Similarly, market capitalization of listed Indian firms went up from Rs. 363,350 crore at the end of March1995 to Rs. ,896,194 crore at end March 2009. Indian equity markets are today amongthe most deep and vibrant markets in the world. The average daily traffic volume was around one million trades per day in the capital markets segment and around 50,000 trades per day in the derivatives segment and there were around 13,000 registered users in both segments and an average of around 9500 users is logged in at a time. At BSE the average daily turnover in 2001-2002 (April-March) was Rs 1244. 10 crore and the number of average daily trade was 5. 17 lakh. WHY ONLINE TRADING ENTERED LATE IN INDIA The Indian exchanges and brokering houses have been very slow in moving their transactions online and the major reason has been the lot government regulations. The initial delay was due to laying down the specifications for creating Closed User Groups (CUGs). This issue was resolved between the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the Finance Ministry around 1998 and after that soon came the online trading portals like ICICIDirect. com, motilaloswal. com, sharekhan. com and smartjones. com. Connectivity related issue was perhaps the most important technological factor. Traditionally the cost of leased lines and VSAT links has been very high and the reliability of the links was very low. To commission the links it took a long time as one had to make an application and wait for a few weeks for the link to be up and running. Many other issues like security, backup and recovery procedural costs also acted as deterrents in the process. Now with the resolution of regulatory issues India no longer have any pressing connectivity and bandwidth issues. The entry of private players into the broadband scenario and the government opening up the telecom sector these issues have become almost non-existent. Security solutions and services available in the market have matured and it doesnt cost a pretty packet anymore to put a simple back up solution inplace Through online trading everyday large volumes of data is being transacted. At BSE the average daily turnover in 2001-2002 (April-March) was Rs 1244. 10 crore and the number of averagedaily trades was Rs 5. 17 lakh. To control Online Trading RBI made regulations making it mandatory for companies to store at least 7 years of transactional and financial data. 1. Design needs to be always-on, secure, redundant, and have adequate backup and recovery Processes. 2. For such high amounts of critical data its natural to deploy network-based storage like NAS or SAN. 3. Security is a vital and integral part of the design architecture. The hardware and software elements should be built around layered security architecture and should be held in place with a well-documented security policy. 4. Ideally online exchanges should have five-nines availability. 5. Its difficult to deploy out-of-the-box applications at exchanges as each has a unique architecture based on factors like operations flow, trading volumes, number of members, number of users, and number of locations. 6. NSE has deployed NIBIS (NSEs Internet Based Information System) for real-time dissemination of trading information over the Internet and NEAT a client-server-based application to help its operations. 7. BSE has deployed an OnLine Trading system (BOLT) on a Tandem platform which has a two-tier architecture. It claims to be able to support up to 2 million trades a day THE NETWORK DESIGN Any online exchange should always be-on, safe, secure, redundant and should have adequate backup recovery processes. The Vice President of NSE-IT G. M Shenoy tells that the basic design objective of NSE was to provide fair, equal and transparent access across all NSE nationwide locations and to provide connectivity to the trading members as soon as possible. The telecom sector is fairly liberal nowadays but way back in 1993 the technology was maturing and was very costly. The cost of lease lines was almost ten times as much as it is today. Satellite technology was a boon since it allowed quicker deployment than leased lines. Today NSE has the countrys largest VSAT network with over 3000 VSATs and expects to grow to more than 4000 V sats very soon NETWORK ELEMENTS When there are massive trading volumes and traffic bulk it makes one tensed even to think of the expected losses in case of a ten minute downtime when daily trade crosses Rs 3000 crore. Network elements like security, storage, backup and recovery processes, availability and other different applications are to be planned carefully and commissioned. Also the RBI regulations to store at least 7 years of transactional and financial data has to be followed and to store such high amounts of critical data its natural to deploy network-based storage like NAS or SAN. NSE is implementing a SAN as it feels that its data volumes have grown widely. Security is a vital and integral part of the design architecture and the hardware and software elements should be built with layered security architecture around and it should also be held in place with a well-documented security policy. According to Shenoy the security is the most crucial element in the network and at NSE all applications have been built with a conscious approach towards security. All the security policies are tightly integrated and regularly scrutinized thus not providing any room to compromise with Also all the applications and OSs are hardened time to time for safety The Backup and recovery has emerged as one of the most important and vital aspects of business continuity. When online exchanges were designed earlier a lot of emphasis was perhaps not placed on this aspect as it is done nowadays. However its not difficult to add continuity processes to a programme which is existing. Shenoy said that a terrestrial-based trading network was deployed as a backup to NSE VSAT network in the middle of 2000 and it have more than 850 leased lines connecting to different locations in India. NSE is the only stock exchange in the country which has a fully-redundant business continuity site in Chennai Availability: Ideally online exchanges should have five-nines availability. Exchanges usually likes to host its infrastructure in-house and not use the services of an external or other data center. NSE claims to achieve uptime greater than 99. 9% which is mostly due to internally formulated procedures and continuous review of SLAs with hardware vendors Applications: It is tough to deploy out-of-the-box applications at exchanges as each has a unique architecture based on factors like operations flow, number of members, trading volumes number of users and number of locations. The applications like trading, surveillance, index computation,listing, membership, clearing, risk-management and accounts may be developed in-house or by external software developers. There are two popular types of architectures- . NSE architecture 2. BSE architecture These both exchanges keep on updating and upgrading their technology systems to keep delivering according to commitments and promises made to its members, partners and customer NEAT-THE NSE ARCHITECTURE NSE has deployed NIBIS (NSEs Internet Based Information System) for real-time dissemination it of trading information over the Internet and NE AT a client-server-based application to help its operations. All the trading information is stored in NEAT an in-memory database at the server end for achieving minimum response time and maximum system availability for users. The trading server software runs on a fault-tolerant STRATUS mainframe and the client software runs on Windows PCs. The telecommunications network uses the X. 25 protocol and is the backbone of the automated trading system. Each trading member trades on the NSE with other members through a PC located in the trading members office. The trading members on the Wholesale Debt Market segment are linked to the central computer at the NSE through dedicated 64 Kbps leased lines and VSAT terminals. These leased lines are multiplexed using dedicated 2 MB optical-fiber links. The WDM participants connect to the trading system through dial-up links. The exchange uses RISC- based Unix servers from Digital and HP for backoffice processing. Applications like Oracle 7 and SQL/Oracle Forms 4. 5 front ends are used for the exchange functions BOLT-THE BSE ARCHITECTURE BSE has deployed an OnLine Trading system (BOLT) on March 14, 1995. It works on a Tandem S74016 platform running on 16 CPUs. The Tandem Himalaya S74016 machines act as the backend to more than 8000 Trader Workstations networked on Ethernet, VSAT and Managed Leased Data Network (MLDN). The systems claim to handle up to two million trades a day. BOLT has a two- tier architecture. The trader workstations are connected directly to the backend server which acts as a communication server and a Central Trading Engine (CTE). Other services like information dissemination, index computation, and position monitoring are also provided by the system. A transaction monitoring facility in the Tandem architecture helps keep data integrity through non- stop SQL. With the help of MTNL, BSE has setup a MLDN Network comprising 300 2 Mbps lines and 1500 64 Kbps lines which connect all regional stock exchanges and offices in Mumbai. Access to market related information through the trader workstations is essential for the market participants to act on real-time basis and take instantaneous decisions. BOLT has been interfaced with various information vendors like Bloomberg, Bridge, and Reuters. Market information is fed to news agencies in real time. The exchange plans to enhance the capabilities further to have an integrated two way information flow RECOMMENDATIONS OF SEBI The SEBI has also played an important role in the issue of the guidelines regarding online trading so that the chances of fraud and misrepresentation are minimized. The some of recommendations are asfollows: The stock brokers which are being registered with Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) will have to apply to stock exchanges for a formal permission. The following conditions must be fulfilled- 1. The online trading company must have a minimum net worth of Rs 50 lakh 2. The encryption technology should be there in the system used by the brokers to ensure the provision for confidentiality ,security ,justifiability and reliability of data . The user id, first level and second level password, automatic expiry of passwords at the end of a reasonable period,secured socket level security for server access through Internet, suitable firewalls between the trading set-up directly connected to an exchange trading system and the Internet tradingset-up,microprocessor-based Smartcards,dynamic password, 64 bit/128- bit encryption are the basic minimum security standards. 3. The brokers must maintain adequate back-up systems and data storage capacity which must be checked by the stock exchanges. 4. The minimum qualification must be laid down by the stock exchange to ensure that the persons hired by the brokers must have the proper qualification regarding trading so as to guide the clients and he can communicate regarding trading instructions 5.